How to Master Skills for the TOEFL(토플) iBT Reading Intermediate (4)

In order to deal with Reference questions, you need to understand the relationships between pronouns and the words which they refer to. There are four kinds of referential relationships which are asked on the TOEFL® iBT.

Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns such as which, that, who, whose, and whom introduce a clause that modifies the noun or noun phrase right before them. Sometimes which can refer to the entire previous clause.
• Penicillin kills a wide variety of bacteria, many of which cause disease in humans.
• In the early 1850s, many daguerreotypists were practicing in the United States, most of whom were in the business to make money, not art.

Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to an unknown or undetermined person, place, or thing. Indefinite pronouns include words with some, any, every, or no (e.g. someone, anyone, everyone, and no one) and one, another, some, others, each, and none.
• Diffusion is the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another.
• By looking at examples of atoms, one discovers that each contains an equal number of electrons and protons in the nucleus.
• Lactose, a sugar present in milk, is one of the simple sugars used in food preparations for infants.