How to Master Skills for the TOEFL(토플) iBT Reading Intermediate (3)

In order to deal with Reference questions, you need to understand the relationships between pronouns and the words which they refer to. There are four kinds of referential relationships which are asked on the TOEFL® iBT.

Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer back to someone or something previously mentioned in the passage. Sometimes they can refer forward to what is mentioned later in the passage. On the TOEFL® iBT, third-person pronouns such as it, its, they, their, and them are frequently asked.
• Capuchins crack walnuts by repeatedly pounding them with stones.
• When it was first introduced in Europe, coffee was sold in pharmacies as a medicinal remedy.

Demonstratives
Demonstratives are pronouns or adjectives pointing out which item is being referred to. In English, they include this, that, these, and those. Sometimes the former and the latter are also asked on the TOEFL® iBT.
• Although the initial cost of a timber house is less than that of one made of brick or concrete, the long-term expense is greater.
• An organization designed to accomplish some task is called a utilitarian organization. Businesses are examples of this type.